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- Gamma-Scout USB drivers are available directly on the internet as plug-and-play drivers through Microsoft Windows Driver Distribution. Detailed information on installation is available in the manu- al on page 15 or on our homepage www.gamma-scout.com(“Downloads/driver installation Gamma- Scout devices”) 3.
- Gamma Scout Toolbox is an application that enables you to read out the data gathered and stored by Gamma Scout device. Gamma Scout Toolbox is. By Gamma Scout device. Your Gamma Scout device.
- Here's a FULL and IN-DEPT review about all the functions, advantages, disadvantages, bugs and features of the GAMMA SCOUT dosimeter made by GAMMA SCOUT GMBH.
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Geiger Counter Gammascout
The Gammascout Geiger Counter is a calibrated measurement instrument for alpha, beta and gamma rays.
In a PELI Case 1040 (+heavy metal for taring, Cd for neutron detection) it can be used for underwater measurements down to5 m water depth.
For greater depths i use a cheap water filter case (+lead metal for taring and two plugs for the input and output and some silicia gel) for underwater measurements down to100 m water depth:
The central processor of the Gammascout is a MSP430.
The USB version uses a FT232BMfor the conversion USB to UART for the MSP430.
The hardware is good, but the MS-Windows software not: With the GammaTool, which does not run under MS-Windows 8,for a plot of themeasured and readvalues (dose rate/count) you first have to use the Calculate-button and thanyou find a button for show; the Display-Button shows only a log. The program does not store the parameters, e. g. 2d plot of the dose with no numerics, it can't be terminated via Alt-F4 and sometimes the mousepointer is invisible in the program window. For clearing the gammascount memory you have to read out the memory, even if you have done so one minute ago, and the program can use only one of the first (virtual) ten serial ports which areoften already used by a bluetooth driver.
Under MS-Widows 8 you can use the Gamma Scout Toolbox, but installing the drivers ist not easy ant the Gamma Scout Toolbox can't plot the data.
Under Linux there are two alternatives in Python: A script for reading the raw data anda script for plotting the data into a PDF file, underhttps://wiki.internet-village.be/display/safecast/Gamma-Scout.To get them working it's necessary to add some lines, e. g. to break the endless loopin the first script.
The second alternative is the Gamma Scout Utility for reading and conversion of the data,setting the date/time, clearing the memory etc.:http://johannes-bauer.com/linux/gammascout/.There are also the Gamma Scout Tools at http://www.teodori.org/software-development/gamma-scout-tools-on-opensuse-12-3.htmlbut they are made only for OpenSuSE and even after conversion with Alien to a DEB package (and installation) they do not rununder Ubuntu.
The data capacity of the Gammascout is 2 years with 1 day log interval, 4 weeks with 1 hour interval, 4 days with 10 min. interval and 10 hours with 1 min. interval.
The battery is a AA size Li battery (14,65 x 50,3 mm, 2.6 Ah) with soldering tags.
The data sheet of the geiger tube LND 712, aka ZP1401,says that with a shielding consisting of 50 mm Pb and 3 mm Althe maximum CPM rate is 10 CPM. Because with 20 CPM the dose rate shown by the Gammascout is about0.2 µSv/h, this means the dose rate caused by the hard cosmic rays,which can pass the 50 mm Pb + 3 mm Al shielding, is about 0.1 µSv/h.
The gamma sensitivity shows that the saturation dose rate is about 10 mSv/h, at a pulse rate of 10 kHz.So you can't measure much less than 0.1 µSv/h and not more then 10 mSv/h with the Gammascout. It's the same with replacement types like the ZP1401.
Another restriction are that a geiger tube commonly detects only about 5 % ofall incoming rays and that the Gammascout shows the dose rate for 'common' radiation(gamma from 60Co), with the radiation weighting factor of 1, but the radiation can have a higher factor and the Gammasout can be less sensitive. Examples are low-energy alpha and beta rays which can'tget into the tube and therefore can not be detected, but they have a high radiation weighting factor.
The LND 712 data sheetsays nothing about the lifetime,but a typical geiger tube lifetime is 10 billion pulses, which is, at the usual activity of 20 pulses per minute,951.3 years. Because of the flash memory of the MSP430 the effective life time limit is about 30 years (minimum), when you change the battery every 10 years.
The lifetime of the MSP430 can be extended by re-flashing the firmware via the JTAG interface connector (close to the left side of the MSP430).
Another restriction is the size of the internal flash memory: If the logging interval is set to one hour, it is full after four weeks.
The size is 163 x 71 x 30 mm, the2011 price of the LN 712 is at june 2011 around 88 Euro, but is not availible before 2012, because it is sould out after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster:http://www.meggys-shop.de/Geiger-Mueller-Zaehlrohr-LND-712and the price of the simple Gammacout is about 300 Euro:http://www.heise.de/preisvergleich/a622518.html.
Some measurement results
| Indoor dose rate in Germany, Nuremberg (300 m AMSL) and also in Aalen: | 185 ± 50 nSv/h | ||
| Outdoor Dose rate in Germany, Nuremberg, 4.5 m underwater (Freibad Stadion and PELI case 1040): | about 90 nSv/h | ||
| Indoor Dose rate in Germany, Nuremberg, 30 cm underwater: | 160 ± 50 nSv/h | ||
| Indoor dose rate in Germany, Mülheim (100 m AMSL): | 230 ± 50 nSv/h | ||
| Indoor dose rate in Germany, Bremervörde (4 m AMSL): | 170 ± 50 nSv/h | ||
| Indoor dose rate in Hongkong (10 m AMSL): | 400 ± 50 nSv/h | ||
| Indoor dose rate in Taipei (100 m AMSL): | 195 ± 50 nSv/h | ||
| Indoor dose rate in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam (10 m AMSL): | 130 ± 50 nSv/h | ||
| Indoor dose rate in Tanzania, Moshi (900 m AMSL): | 280 ± 50 nSv/h | ||
| Dose rate from 15 g potash directly under the gammascout and 200 g salt with about 50 g K above: | 25 ± 50 nSv/h (total dose rate: 210 ± 50 nSv/h) | ||
| Dose rate from 200 g potash directly under and above the gammascout : | 100 ± 50 nSv/h (total dose rate: 285 ± 50 nSv/h) | ||
| Dose rate from 1 kg potash directly around the gammascout : | 220 ± 50 nSv/h (total dose rate: 405 ± 50 nSv/h) | ||
| Dose rate from radioluminescent keychains (Glow Rings) with Tritium Illumination or from 100 ml heavy water: | 0 ± 50 nSv/h (the soft beta radiation can't get out of the housing and maybe not into the geiger tube) | ||
| Dose rate from about 2 g RbCl (0,283 MeV β emission from 87Rb), placed on the window of the tube: | 200 ± 50 nSv/h (total dose rate: 385 ± 50 nSv/h) | ||
| Dose rate in an art deco uranium glass vase from about 1925, with a weight of 807 g, 21.7 cm height, 14 cm diameter and 3 mm wall thickness | about 0.7 µSv/h | ||
| Dose rate close to an opened alarm clock with radium paint from the middle of the 20th century: | about 7 µSv/h | ||
| Dose rate close to three gas mantles with ThO2: | about 12 µSv/h | ||
| Dose rate close to 90 g UO2(NO3)2.6H2O: | about 25 µSv/h | ||
| Dose rate from a 49 kdpm 14C standard capsule, placed on the window of the counting tube: | about 26 µSv/h | ||
| Dose rate close to 50 g ThO2: | about 120 µSv/h |
Comments:
If not commented with about, the value is an average of minimum two 24 hour averages, measured 2006 or later.
From a Cammenga Tritium Kompass i took a small luminescent piece on the window ofthe tube and could measure the beta radiation of the tritium. So even the soft beta ray fromTritium can be detected with the Gamma-Scout.
The 50 g ThO2 are a good source of gamma rays which can be usede. g. for testing Photomultiplier tubes(photomultipliers or PMTs for short) without light and for testing geiger counters and similar devices, but should be stored and transported with a little shielding and, more important, distance.
The comic ray intensity is anti-correlated with the sunspotactivity and hastherefore a period of 11 years, with a variation of 12 % around the averagevalue (Physik Journal, March 2007, p. 60). Because of Solar flares, there are also short-time fluctuations of the comic ray intensity.
Measurements of the cosmic ray variations can be found here:
http://www.durangobill.com/SwindlePics/SwindleCosmicRays.gif
http://www.brighton73.freeserve.co.uk/gw/solar/cosmic_rays.gif
http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2005/images/afraid/doserates.jpg
and in the cosmic ray variations sites chapter at
http://helios.izmiran.rssi.ru/cosray/main.htm#links
The common dose limit for an employee, which is considered as a harmlessdose rate, is 20 mSv/a, which is rounded 2.3 µSv/h and this is only about tentimes more than the common natural background at low altitudes and about onehundred times more than the activity of the natural potassium content of thehuman body or common food.
With a natural potassium content of about 1 % a food (not a medium as drinking water) or stonehas a natural activity of about 312 Bq/kg. Because potassium is only one of dozens natural radioactiveelements, common food has a natural activity of about 500 Bq/kg.Because water has a low natural activity,dried food has a natural activity of several kBq/kg.So food with with a too low radioactivity is not good, because this foodcauses inadequate potassium intake and this causes Hypokalemia.
Trip from Nuremberg to the highest summit of the Mount Kilimanjaro and back in 2007
Uhuru peak at 2008-07-14 (winter), at sunrise (6 am), Dose rate: 0.7 µSv/h,Wind speed: 8 m/s, Air pressure: 495 hPa, Temperature: -7.4°C (wind chilltemperature: -24°C, but because the wind chill temperature does not takeinto account the low air pressure, the effective wind chill temperature isabout -10°C).
The common death rate at Kibo is about 0.02 % and about 60 % of the about 40.000 tourists per yeardo get a certificate for successfully climbing Uhuru Peak (5895 m), which meansthey climbed to Stella Point (5756 m) or higher.The good trip organizing company wasAfromaxx. The trip did cost about 1000 US-Dollar, including one week (one star) hotel.
| Short description |
| Data file |
| Raw data |
| Machame route profile |
Trip from Nuremberg to the summit of the Aconcagua and back in 2009
Due to a snowstorm with a sight distance of only 10 m, the summit was closed rightbefore the canaletta at approx. 6600 m height, but the 4 days at Plaza de Mulas(PDM, 4365 m)and Nido de Condores (NDC, 5560 m) on the Normal Route can clearly be seen in themiddle of the picture. You can also see the trip to PlacaFrancia before and the trip to (nearly) the summit, from NDC. At the leap of half a day at PDM theGammascout had a blackout; it seems a 'HOLD' key, which is blocking all (other)key pressures, is missing.
You can also see the flights Munich-Madrid, Madrid-Santiago, Santiago-Mendozaand back.
The dose rate was (0.1 ± 0.015) µSv/h per kilometer height atAconcagua and higher above, during the flights. So it's possible to measure the height via the dose rate, withoutproblems like a blocked or locked pitot tube.This also means that a good flight simulation chamber is incompletewithout X-raying of 0.1 µSv/hkm, but it seems no flight simulation chamberhas it.
At the Kibo trip the dose rate was a little higher during the flights and atthe same altitude. The reasons were:The flights to/from Aconcagua where lower (10.5 km instead of 12.0 km maximumheight, as shown on the monitors inside the plane) and the ground at the Kibomust have more radioactivity, not much less then the activity ofthe cosmic rays. This is consistent with the fact that volcanoes, and Kibo is avulcano while Aconcagua is not, usually have more radioactivity, because of their higher Potassium content:http://www.kreis-ahrweiler.de/kvar/VT/hjb2001/hjb2001.48.htm.The reason may be that the heat of a higher concentration of radioactive material deep inside the earth can produce a Hotspot, which produces volcanoes.
Temperature, air pressure, air humidity, and acceleration at the aconcaguatrip.
During that time at Aconcagua 10 people died, one survived seriously woundedand one was lost:
The common death rate at Aconcagua is about 0.5 % and there a about 4000 climbers per year.Some deaths can be found on youtube, e. g.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6WxFqu5jIE&feature=player_embedded.
Because the death rate at the highest mountains with an elevation above 8 km is about 10 % (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-thousander), Aconcagua is relative harmless. One reason for the low death rate at aconcagua is that youhave to get a medical check at the first camp (Confluencia) and the base camp (Place de Mulas), and if yourpulse rate, blood pressure or oxygen saturation is not ok you get send back.
About 30 % of the tourists make it to the summit.
The rate of severe nonlethal injuries at aconcagua is about 1 %, which is about two times the deathrate and also relative low.
The good trip organizing company was the austrianVerkehrsbüro. The trip did cost a little more than 2000 Euro, includingall flights (with a baggage limit of 60 kg) and hotels.
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The increase of the radiation dose with the altitude does not mean that the life expectancy is shorter; in facts it is longer:http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.819250v1?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=swiss&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT, german abstract:http://www.dradio.de/dlf/meldungen/forschak/1006678/.
One reason is that such low radiation doses are biopositive; they are more stimulating than destroying.Journey from Nuremberg to Chernobyl and Prypiat and back in 2009
Memorial at the chernobyl nuclear power plant. Dose rate: About 15 µSv/h.
I took a regular one-day journey from http://chernobylzone.comfor only 122 US-Dollar (depends on the number of people which pay for the english speaking guide; it's 162 for one), including supper and an english speaking guide.
Individual and longer journeys are also available, with helicopter and a visitinside the nuclear power plant, but significant more expensive.
Other also journey to Chernobyl organising companies are www.tourchernobyl.com,www.newlogic.ua, and www.panorama-tour.info.
You can find an overview for Chernobyl journeys at http://wikitravel.org/en/Chernobyl.
In the diagram you can also see the flights Kologne-Kiev and back.The diagram starts with steps of 10 minutes (violet) and after that it's withone hour steps.
The results are nearly the same as described e. g. at http://forum.pripyat.comandhttp://www.berger.ma/gallery_trip.php:The radiation which you measure is about 90 % gamma, 9 % beta and 0.1 % alpha.Most of the radiation is caused by Cesium-137, a little from Strontium-90and very little from Plutonium, Americinum and some other elements/nuclides.More than about 90 % of the radiation is caused by Cesium-137 and Strontium-90.
The dose rate i measured was:
0.20 ± 0.02 µSv/h at the hotel and in the center of Kiev
about 0.1 µSv/h in the Metro of Kiev
about 0.4 µSv/h in the central railway station of Kiev, maybe because of the granite floor
about 0.25 µSv/h in the center of Chernobyl
about 15 µSv/h at the memorial close to the nuclear power plant, because the memorial and the street around it was build with material from outside the chernobyl zone, after the Chernobyl disaster
about 0.2 µSv/h at the railway bridge close to the nuclear power plant, where you can feed the famous big fishes
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about 0.1 µSv/h on a bridge over the Prypiat river near Chernobylusually 1, at some places 2 µSv/h on the streets of Prypiat
usually 2, at some places about 4 µSv/h in the forest in Prypiat
about 11 µSv/h in the bus, while passing the Red Forest
about 0.2 µSv/h in the buildings in Prypiat
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about 15 µSv/h at the first hotspot in Prypiatnearly 35 µSv/h at the second hotsport in Prypiyat
nearly 900 µSv/h at the third hotspot in Prypiat.
Inside the bus the dose rate was about the half of the dose rate on the street.
More about the hotspots in Prypiat (also called Pripyat) can be found here.
In 1986 the dose rate after the disaster was about up to 1,000,000 µSv/h in Prypiat and about 10 times higher at the burning reactor, due to the Chernobyl Museum in Kiev and other sources, but nowthere is nothing dangerous, except close to the destroyed reactor or if youstay a long time at the hotspots or high activity areas like the red forest oreat animals or plants or drink water from there.
Another point is that a lot of the fallout is now deep in the earth and that'sthe reason why in Chernobyl e. g. the teleheating tubes are above ground.
The dose rate at Prypiat has decresedby a factor of about one million since the disaster.
Close to Prypiat the Red Forest has a dose rate up to 60 µSv/h,which is dangerous if you stay longer than a week, because commonlya dose limit of 20 mSv/a (twenty milliSievert per year), which is ataverage during a whole year rounded 2.3 µSv/h, is considered harmless.
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A dose of 20 mSv, which is the dose caused by a typical Neonatal abdominal CT scanis harmless.
The most common long-term effect is cancer.When 100 adult people get a dose of 100 mSv in a short period of time,then at average one will get cancer, caused by the dose, during therest of his life:http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/forschak/1445604/.So the harmless dose of 20 mSv, caused by a typical Neonatal abdominalCT scan, means that it causes at 'only' one of 500 people cancer,which is a relative low risk.Radiation sickness symptoms do begin at 0.5 Sv and severe radiation poisoning with 50% fatality after 30 days (LD 50/30) is at a dose of 3-4 Sv: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_poisoning.And it takes about 2.5 times that dosage for the LD 50/30 of a chicken and over 100 times that for the LD 50/30 of a cockroach.
At CT Brain Perfusion Scans the common dose is 0.5 S, and 3 to 4 S at radiation overexposures, but only at one part of the body (the head), so some CT scans do cause radiation sickness:http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm185898.htm (with 1 Sv = 1 G for X-rays).Another point is that beside the radiation sickness symptoms there areother damages like a higher cancer and mutation rate. So if a radiation exposure causes no radiation sickness symptoms it does not always mean that it's harmless. Therefore a lower dose is better when the dose is higher than20 mSv/a.Because of the long-term effects, underage children should get a lower dose.They should get less then one half of this dose, and because embryos are additionally more sensitive, they should get less than one quarter of thisdose.
High dose rates at the chernobyl area of alienation can be found only closeto the destroyed reactor.It has been reported that on the roof of the sarcophag the dose rate isabout 20,000 µSv/h (in 2006):http://www.fen-net.de/dr.helmut.pfister/20%20Jahre%20nach%20Tschernobyl.pdf.
Beside the radiation effects another problem is the liability for such desasters: Many insurances donot pay for radiation caused damages and in many countries the liability of the nuclear power plant owner is limited very low, e. g. in Bulgaraia to 17 million Euro, Denmark 60 MEuro, France 84 MEuro, Slovakia 83 MEuro, Italy and Lithuania 5 MEuro, source http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/16/099/1609979.pdf.
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So in case of a maximum credible accident like at chernobyl in most countries the victims will get noor only very few compensation, even in rich countries.The other data, temperature, air pressure, humidity and acceleration, are notnotably:
You can see the journey to Chernobyl in these data because the air pressure in Chernobylwas a little higher than in Kiev.
You can also see that the three hours in ICE trains (in germany) at the start were 3°C warmer than at the end, where they were really cool and i could feel the difference. In the cooler ICE trains i also felt a stronger air ventilation, but the data logger does not log the wind speed.
Because the data logger was in the carry-on luggage on the flight to Kievand in the cargo on the flight back there is no great difference to the first flight. This is necessary for living cargo.
Trip from Nuremberg to the summit of the Damavand and back in 2010
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Temperature, air pressure and air humidity at the damavandtrip, with a short acclimatisation at Alam-Kuh, a pause at the Caspian Sea, a flight from Tehran to Shiraz and drive back to Tehran.
Due to a snowstorm, a too short acclimatisation and other problems, the maximum height was only 4900 m.The reason of the too short acclimatisation is that the trip organizing company, the austrianVerkehrsbüro, did not follow the the first two of the following recommendations for acclimatisation from theAltitude Tutorial from the International Society for Mountain Medicine:
- At altitudes above 3000 meters (10,000 feet), your sleeping elevationshould not increase more than 300-500 meters (1000-1500 feet)per night.
- Every 1000 meters (3000 feet) you should spend a second night at thesame elevation.
- You should spend at least one night at an intermediate elevation below 3000 meters (10,000 feet).
If you don't increase continuing, you have to take into account that you loose an acclimatisation elevation of 300-500 meter per day if your sleeping elevation goes down fast (faster than 500 m per day).
So a trip should be checked before booking due to this recommendations.
But the Altitude Tutorial does not take into account the Death Zonewhich is the zone above 7500 m (some sources say 7000, some 8000 m), where the amount of oxygen cannot sustain human life and where no human body can acclimatize.So for very high altitudes other recommendations, e. g. an oxygen mask, must be used.
The dose rate on the ground was about (0.1 ± 0.015) µSv/h per kilometer height, like at aconcagua.
The common death rate at Damavand is about 0.02 % and about 40 % of the tourists make it to the summit.
Trip from Aalen to the highest summit of Europe, Elbrus and back in 2012
Elbrus (west) summit 2012-07-26, Dose rate: around 0.65 µSv/h.
The common death rate at Elbrus is about 0.25 % and about 70 % of the about 4000 tourists per year do reach the summit.
The company which organised the trip in the Caucasus waselbrustours.ru. The trip in the Caucasus did cost 850 Euro.
The trip started in Aalen at 0.19 µSv/h, was at 0.34 in the hotel inthe Baksan valley at 2200 m, at 0.36 at the Barrels huts (3800 m), 0.5 at 5000 m and 0.65 at the summit (6542 m). The acclimatisation tours to an altitude about 1 km higher (than the sleeping altitude) and the change from the valley to Barrels huts can not be clearly seen because of the activity of the underground. This is consistent with the fact that volcanoes, and Elbrus is a vulcano while Aconcagua is not, usually have more radioactivity, because of their higher Potassium content Because the gammascout switched from hourly logging to seven day logging, the record ends at 5000 m. So because the gammascout has no 'HOLD' key, for logging it should only be used only in a hard case like the pelicase, although this increases the weight by 200 %.
Temperature, air pressure, air humidity and accelerations at the trip.
Doubling the sensitivity with a bigger tube, 2013-06
After six years i changed the battery and the tube to get a doubled sensitivityand therefore clearer results. Depending on the calibration of the original tubethe sensitivity is not exactly doubled but that can be taken into accout by measuring an old known activity and back-calculation.
The old battery has a voltag of 3.66 V and a short-circuit current of120 mA, which indicates about 50 % capacity.
This LND 72314 did cost me about 190 Euro and has twice the sensitivity of the oldtube (ZP 1401). An additional advantage is that the LND 72314 background is only 1.8 times higher than thebackground of the old tube, so that the signal/background ratio is better.
After the modification the Gammasout is glued together with transparent tapeand now therefore lesss robust and about 1 cm thicker,but that's no problem because it still fits into a pelicase 1040 (after removing the black rubber atthe bottom).
To get the new tube into the case i removed the ray selection. With a sheet of paper,a small and a big pack of paper (or a smartphone) you have the same function.
Another modification was shorting one of the 4.7 MOhm resistors from the HV supply to the tube, because the new tube needs a lower resistance to the HV supply.At medium high doses of 150 µSv/h i could see the current pulses of the HV supply in the displayby a lower contrast, caused by the temporary reduced supply voltage. Soi added a 6800 µF / 35 V capacitor at the battery to stabilise the supply voltage.
Outdoor measurement results i found in the web
| Dose rate at the Gasteiner Heilstollen 2009, sourcehttp://www.gasteiner-heilstollen.com/tl_files/pdf-dateien/Wissenschaftliche%20Informationen%20Radon-Therapie%20LOW.pdf : | 0.2 mSv/h |
| Dose rate at the beach of Lake Karachay 2007, sourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Karachay#Current_status : | 6 Sv/h |
Comments:
The main source of the activity in the Gasteiner Heilstollen is Radon with an actitivy of 44 kBq/m3. About 50 % of the dose is caused by alpha rays, which have a Relative Biological Effectiveness [RBE]of 20.
At the beach of Lake Karachay the dose is nearly as high as the dose rate at the burning Chernobyl reactor (1986); you get a deadly dose in one hour!
Therefore Lake Karachay is called the dirtiest place on earth (Lenssen, 'Nuclear Waste: The Problem that Won't Go Away,' Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C., 1991: 15).
Some sources say that at the Lake Karachay by the nearby Kyshtym Disasterhas been released more radioactivity than by the Chernoby disaster, whichreleased between 5 and 12 Exa-Becquerel (EBq). An official investigation in 1997 says that the nuclear fuel reprocessing plantMayak,which caused the pollution of Lake Karachay and the Kyshtym Disaster,released 8,9 Exa-Becquerel (EBq) of Strontium-90 und Caesium-137:http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerntechnische_Anlage_Majak#Unf.C3.A4lle_und_Umweltzerst.C3.B6rung.
So the Chernobyl desaster in 1986 was the most famous nuclear accident and theone with the greatest impact, but the radioactivity from Mayakhas caused nearly the same damage, but more locally, over a longer periodand more hidden by the government.
Ghosttowns like Prypiat can be found at some other places around the world.An example is the japanHashima Island. A more modern version, with real radioactive contamination, is the 2011 made Fukushima alienation zone, but it will be opened for tourists in several years, around 2020 or later.
Nuclear accidents on earth are not the worst case of ionizing radiationon earth: ASupernovain a distance of a few hundred light-years or a Gamma-Ray-Burst or jet from aHypernovain a distance of a few million lightyears would expose the earth to a radiation dose which would destroy the Earth's ozone layer:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst#Rates_and_impacts_on_life.And if these novas are much closer, their radiation is deadly for one half of the earth.Because the gamma rays do travel withlight speed, these events do come without warning; when you see them, you are already hit. Because of the light speed, even a warning system with satelliteswhich do search for gamma ray bursts would not help.
Geiger Counter Links
- The 2012-05 released Android Smartphone Sharp Pantone 5 107SH has a built-in radiation detector.
- http://geiger.sourceforge.net/: Geiger Counter - Measuring Radioactivity Yourself with the PC (not Gammascout).
Alternatives are the online-version of the Gammascout and e. g. measuring the Geiger Counter pulses as Parallel Port interrupts and RTAI, which is good enough for up to 270 kHz, which is 27 times the pulse rate of Gammascout at the saturation dose.
- Geiger Caching.
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